Prabhat Ayurvedic Pharmacy
Start Your Product

Herb library · Updated 17 October 2026 · By Aashish Passi · 24 sources

Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri): what the research says

Brahmi is a small creeping herb of wet places in India, Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India lists the dried whole plant and classes it as Medhya (intellect-supporting) and Rasayana[1]. Kew accepts the name and places it in the family Plantaginaceae, whereas the API uses Scrophulariaceae[1, 2]. Its saponins, the bacosides, are the main compounds linked to research interest[24]. A 2014 meta-analysis of nine placebo-controlled trials found faster performance on some attention tasks after 12 weeks or more, and several Indian trials report memory-test gains, but other well-run trials found no difference on their primary outcomes, and the evidence in dementia is very low certainty[3, 11, 14, 7]. Mild stomach upset is the commonest reported effect; liver reports are rare and confounded[10, 19, 20].

At a glance

Names and identity

Common nameBrahmi (Bacopa, water hyssop, thyme-leaved gratiola)
SanskritBrāhmī (Brahmi), Sarasvatī, Kapotavaṅkā
HindiBrahmi (also Manduka Parni in the API)
PunjabiBrahmibuti
Botanical nameBacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (syn. Herpestis monnieria (L.) Kunth, as listed in the API)
FamilyPlantaginaceae (Scrophulariaceae in the API)
Part usedDried whole plant (API monograph 11). Not the same plant as Centella asiatica (gotu kola, also sold as 'brahmi' or mandukaparni).
Sanskrit synonymsSarasvatī, Kapotavaṅkā

Ayurveda

Brahmi in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia

Rasa (taste)Madhura (sweet), Tikta (bitter), Kashaya (astringent)
Guna (qualities)Laghu (light), Sara (flowing)
Virya (potency)Sheeta (cooling)
Vipaka (post-digestive effect)Madhura (sweet)
Action on doshasKaphahara (pacifies Kapha) and Vatahara (pacifies Vata). The API lists Medhya, Rasayana, Svarya, Visahara, Ayushya, Matiprada, Prajasthapana and Mohahara among its actions, and traditional uses including Kushtha, Jvara, Shopha, Pandu, Prameha and Manasa vikara.
Karma (actions)Medhya, Rasayana, Svarya, Ayushya, Matiprada, Prajasthapana, Mohahara, Vishahara
Classical formulationsSarasvatarishta, Brahmi Ghrita, Ratnagiri Rasa, Brahmi Vati, Sarasvata Churna, Smritisagara Rasa
Dose in the API1-3 g in powder form (API Part I, Vol II, monograph 11).

Profile as recorded in the official texts[1].

Chemistry

Key constituents

  • The API gives the constituent only as 'alkaloids' and sets no marker assay for the whole plant; identity rests on macroscopy, microscopy and ash and extractive limits.[1]
  • Later research identifies the triterpenoid saponins called bacosides as the major active constituents. Bacoside A is described as a mixture of four saponins: bacoside A3, bacopaside II, the jujubogenin isomer of bacopasaponin C (bacopaside X) and bacopasaponin C.[24]
  • A 2025 review lists alkaloids, saponins and cucurbitacins as the plant's active compound classes.[20]
  • Because bacoside content varies between products and an extract's effect cannot be assumed to carry over to a powder or a different extract, published trial results apply to the specific, usually standardised, extract tested.[16, 3]

Research

What human studies show

The bottom line

Brahmi has the largest body of human cognition trials among the classical Ayurvedic herbs. Pooled analyses suggest faster attention-task performance and some memory-test gains with standardised extracts taken for 12 weeks or more, and Indian trials report favourable memory results. But several of the better-designed trials found no change on their primary outcomes, results rest on specific branded extracts, and evidence for dementia and ADHD is low certainty. No trial supports a claim about any disease.

meta-analysisEvidence: moderate

Cognition in healthy adults (pooled, 12 weeks or more)

9 randomised, placebo-controlled trials (518 participants; 437 in the pooled analysis); standardised Bacopa extract taken for 12 weeks or more without other medicines; searches to June 2013

Trail Making Test B time was shorter (-17.9 ms; 95% CI -24.6 to -11.2) and choice reaction time was shorter (-10.6 ms; 95% CI -12.1 to -9.2). The authors concluded Bacopa has potential to improve cognition, particularly speed of attention.[3]

Limitations: Only two cognitive tests could be pooled. The authors say a large head-to-head trial against an existing medicine is needed for definitive data.

meta-analysisEvidence: moderate

Memory in healthy adults (network meta-analysis)

29 RCTs, 2,107 healthy adults; Bacopa or Ginkgo extracts vs placebo; searches to Nov 2024; PROSPERO-registered

Bacopa at 600 mg/day or more was associated with better working memory than placebo (SMD 2.03, 95% CI 1.28-2.78) and better short-term memory. At 300 to under 600 mg/day it was associated with better delayed memory than placebo. No significant differences were seen for sustained attention, selective attention or processing speed.[4]

Limitations: The authors note the lack of direct head-to-head comparison limits the strength of the evidence. The very large effect sizes in a network model should be read cautiously.

systematic reviewEvidence: limited

Cognition (PRISMA review with quality scoring)

Published clinical data on Bacopa in healthy people, memory loss and combination products, with a meta-analysis of the extractable metrics

In healthy people some tests improved but not significantly, and no two studies found significant changes in the same two tests. People with memory loss showed modest improvement with only a few tests significant. Combination products reduced Alzheimer's and depression measures, which cannot be credited to Bacopa alone.[5]

Limitations: The authors conclude there are only limited studies to establish memory-enhancing and neuroprotective effects.

RCTEvidence: limited

Cognition in older adults

n=54 healthy people aged 65+ (48 completed), Oregon, USA; 300 mg/day standardised extract vs placebo for 12 weeks after a 6-week placebo run-in

Delayed word recall (the primary outcome) and the Stroop task improved more than with placebo. Depression and combined anxiety scores and heart rate fell over time in the Bacopa group. No effect on divided attention, digit task, mood or blood pressure. Few adverse events (9 vs 10), mainly stomach upset.[10]

Limitations: Small; one branded extract; a few secondary outcomes with no between-group effect.

RCTEvidence: limited

Memory in medical students (Indian trial)

n=60 second-year students, Government Medical College, Nagpur; 150 mg standardised extract (Bacognize) twice daily vs placebo for 6 weeks, 15-day follow-up

Statistically significant improvement was reported on tests of cognitive function. Serum calcium rose, though it stayed within the normal range.[14]

Limitations: Small, six weeks, a single branded extract; the abstract does not give the effect sizes, so the size of benefit is not stated here.

RCTEvidence: limited

Cognition, stress and fatigue (null primary outcomes)

n=101 adults aged 40-70 with self-reported memory and attention problems (87 analysed); 300 mg/day Bacumen extract vs placebo for 12 weeks; Australia

No between-group difference in the primary outcomes of verbal learning (p=0.391), attention (p=0.713) or working memory (p=0.610). Self-reported stress reactivity (p=0.03), and fatigue and stress after a demanding computer task, improved more with Bacopa. Digestive complaints and headaches were reported more often with Bacopa (p=0.024).[11]

Limitations: A negative result on all primary outcomes; positive findings are secondary and self-reported; higher dropout in the Bacopa group (40 of 50 completed vs 47 of 51).

RCTEvidence: preliminary

Mild cognitive impairment and sleep

n=62 people with mild cognitive impairment, Iran; 160 mg extract daily vs starch placebo for 2 months; triple-blind

Overall cognitive score differed from placebo only at the third time point (p=0.029) and not at one month (p=0.939) or at the second reading (p=0.661); attention and verbal fluency were better in the Bacopa group. There was no difference in sleep quality.[12]

Limitations: Small, short and with mixed time-point results.

systematic reviewEvidence: preliminary

Dementia due to Alzheimer disease

5 trials, all rated high risk of bias; 3 used Bacopa in combination with other herbs; 2 compared with donepezil; doses 125-500 mg twice daily

There was no difference between Bacopa and placebo or donepezil, based on very low certainty evidence. No major safety issues were reported in the included trials.[7]

Limitations: Few, small, heterogeneous trials, with high risk of bias.

RCTEvidence: limited

Children: attention, behaviour and cognition

n=112 boys aged 6-14 (93 analysed); CDRI 08 extract vs placebo for 14 weeks with placebo run-in and run-out; Australia

No significant behavioural differences between groups. Error-making fell and cognitive flexibility, executive functioning, interpersonal problems and sleep routine improved more with the extract; reaction time was faster in the placebo group.[13]

Limitations: The primary behavioural outcome was null, with exploratory secondary findings; males only; the authors call for further study.

RCTEvidence: preliminary

Children: school performance with a fortified drink (Indian trial)

n=300 Indian school children aged 7-12; a beverage with Bacopa extract plus multiple micronutrients vs non-fortified drink twice daily for 4 months; CANTAB tests

The fortified drink did not significantly improve short-term memory (the primary outcome) or any secondary outcome. One spatial working-memory strategy score improved at day 60 but not at day 121. Products were well tolerated.[15]

Limitations: The product combined Bacopa with micronutrients, so no effect could be attributed to Bacopa alone, and no effect was found anyway.

systematic reviewEvidence: limited

Children and adolescents (reviews)

Five studies (Kean 2016); and a systematic review of herbal treatments for ADHD that included seven RCTs of several plants (Dutta 2022)

Kean et al. reported consistent improvements in language behaviour and some memory sub-domains and small-to-medium overall effect sizes (mean d=0.42), with mild side effects in 2.3% of participants. Dutta et al. found a 'fair indication' of efficacy and safety for Bacopa among four herbs, but called proof inadequate to recommend herbal medicines for ADHD.[9, 8]

Limitations: Small, mostly short studies; the authors of both reviews call for replicated designs.

systematic reviewEvidence: limited

All Ayurvedic cognition and mental-health trials (context)

49 controlled reports across 20 Ayurvedic herbal nodes; searches to 4 Jan 2026 incl. the AYUSH Research Portal and DHARA

Evidence volume was concentrated in Bacopa monnieri for cognition. The authors describe 'potentially beneficial signals', but confidence in effect size is limited by heterogeneity, small-study effects and reporting quality. Adverse events were usually mild but inconsistently captured.[6]

Limitations: A meta-analysis was feasible only for ashwagandha and curcumin strata, not Bacopa.

Safety

Safety, interactions and regulation

  • Common effects: in trials the usual reports were mild stomach upset (older-adult RCT: 9 events vs 10 on placebo, mainly stomach upset) and, in a 2025 trial, more digestive complaints and headaches than placebo. In children, mild side effects were reported by 2.3% of participants across five studies. A review of Alzheimer trials found no major safety issues.[10, 11, 9, 7]
  • Liver: we found no LiverTox chapter and no regulator liver warning for Bacopa. One case report of a woman who self-treated vitiligo for 9 months with several Indian herbal products and developed severe liver injury (ALT 601 U/L) assigned a CIOMS causality score of +6 to the Brahmi tablets, which the authors describe as containing Eclipta alba or Bacopa monnieri, against +8 (probable) for the leading suspect, a Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia) product. The case shows how a vague 'Brahmi' label and multiple products confound attribution; it does not show that Bacopa damages the liver.[19]
  • Animal toxicity: a standardised extract (BacoMind) in rats had a median lethal dose of 2,400 mg/kg, and a 90-day study at up to 500 mg/kg found no toxicity on clinical signs, blood tests or organ histology (NOAEL 500 mg/kg).[21]
  • Fertility: in male mice, 250 mg/kg/day for 28 or 56 days reduced sperm count, motility and viability and fertility, with no effect on libido or testosterone; effects reversed within 56 days of stopping. No human fertility data were found.[22]
  • Pregnancy and lactation: a 2025 review says further research is needed on safety in pregnant and breastfeeding women, so use in these groups is not established. It also flags interactions with certain medicines and caution in hyperthyroidism, without in our reading giving primary human data for the thyroid point.[20]
  • Medicine interactions: a Polish pharmacovigilance chart review of 1,816 adverse-event reports found 30 antidepressant-adaptogen reports, including two with Bacopa (agomelatine: back pain and hyperhidrosis; moclobemide: myocardial infarction). These are case reports from one centre and do not prove causation. People on antidepressants, thyroid medicine or sedatives should discuss Bacopa with their doctor.[23]
  • Regulators: no EMA/HMPC monograph, MSK About Herbs entry or NCCIH page for Bacopa was found (the URLs we tried returned 404), and we did not find a TGA or Health Canada safety alert. This is a gap in our search, not a statement that none exists; StatPearls could not be opened (captcha) and is not cited.

Quality

Identity, standards and adulteration

  • API identity (whole plant): thin, branched creamish-yellow roots; thin green or purplish stems with prominent nodes; opposite, sessile, obovate-oblong leaves 1-2 cm long; slightly bitter taste. Microscopy shows root vessels with reticulate thickening, glandular hairs on the leaf, and simple round to oval starch grains 4-14 µ in diameter.[1]
  • API limits: foreign matter not more than 2%; total ash not more than 18%; acid-insoluble ash not more than 6%; alcohol-soluble extractive not less than 6%; water-soluble extractive not less than 15%. The monograph names 'alkaloids' as constituents and sets no bacoside assay.[1]
  • Adulteration and mislabelling: a 2025 real-time PCR study of commercial products found 60% of bacopa/Brahmi-labelled products had little or none of the labelled plant, as measured by the method. An Indian study of Brahmi products using three methods found only 22.2% (SCAR PCR), 55.6% (DNA metabarcoding) and 50.0% (HPLC) positive for the labelled Brahmi; it notes 'Brahmi' is used for both Bacopa monnieri and Centella asiatica. Both are small market surveys, not national adulteration rates.[18, 17]
  • Batch variation: in a 2012 Indian comparison of two batches each of four marketed Brahmi formulations, bacoside A content, extractive values and biological activity varied widely between brands and between batches from the same manufacturer; the authors cite weak regulation and variable raw material.[16]
  • Naming and identity: the API monograph is for Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi, whole plant) and a separate API monograph (Part I, Vol IV, No. 29, Mandukaparni) is for Centella asiatica (Apiaceae), read from the mirror PDF; a supplier certificate should state the binomial and part used. The accepted name is Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.[2]. Bacoside A and B as 'single compounds' were questioned in a 2004 Phytomedicine paper on the need to establish identities of the putative major saponins (title only was available to us).

Manufacturing

How Brahmi is made into medicines

In Ayurvedic practice Brahmi is used as dried whole-plant powder (churna), fresh juice, medicated ghee (Brahmi Ghrita), tablet (Brahmi Vati) and in formulations such as Sarasvatarishta, Sarasvata Churna and Smritisagara Rasa[1]. The API dose is 1-3 g of powder[1]. Commercial products are also standardised extracts (the trials used products such as CDRI 08, Bacognize and Bacumen), so a trial dose does not transfer to a powder or another extract[3, 10, 11, 13, 14]. Because market surveys have found substitution and low labelled-plant content, raw material should be authenticated by macroscopy, microscopy and the API's identity tests, with a marker assay for bacosides agreed in the specification and, for finished products, DNA methods as a supplement[1, 17, 18].

Prabhat makes churnas, tablets, capsules, kwaths, syrups and oils under AYUSH GMP for brands across India. See churna, tablet and capsule manufacturing, or white label products.

FAQ

Common questions about Brahmi

What is brahmi good for?

Brahmi is a traditional Ayurvedic Medhya herb; the API lists Kushtha, Jvara, Shopha, Pandu, Prameha and Manasa vikara among its traditional uses[1]. In modern research it has mainly been studied for memory, attention and stress, with mixed results[3, 4, 11]. It is not proven to prevent or manage any disease.

Is brahmi the same as gotu kola?

No. Brahmi in the API is Bacopa monnieri. Gotu kola is Centella asiatica, which is also sold as 'Brahmi' or Mandukaparni in some markets, so labels can be confusing[1, 17].

Does brahmi improve memory?

A 2014 meta-analysis of nine trials found faster Trail B and choice-reaction times after 12 weeks or more[3], and a 2026 network meta-analysis found better working memory at 600 mg/day or more in healthy adults[4]. But a 2025 trial found no change in its primary memory outcomes[11], and a review of cognition data called the evidence limited[5].

Is brahmi safe for children?

Reviews report mild side effects in 2.3% of child participants in five studies[9], and one 14-week trial in boys 6-14 reported no behaviour benefit[13]. Because trials are small, giving it to a child should be a doctor's decision.

What are the side effects of brahmi?

The usual reports are mild stomach upset, digestive complaints and headache[10, 11]. Liver reports are rare and confounded by other products[19]. In male mice a high dose reversibly reduced sperm parameters[22]; no human fertility data were found.

How long does brahmi take to work?

Trials that found effects usually ran 12 weeks or more, and the 2014 meta-analysis only included such trials[3]. A 6-week Indian student trial reported memory-test gains[14]. No timeframe is established for any person.

References

Sources

  1. Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of AYUSH. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Volume II. Monograph No. 11: Brahmi (Whole Plant), Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Wettst. Source.
  2. Plants of the World Online (POWO). Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Accessed 20 Oct 2026. Source.
  3. Kongkeaw C, Dilokthornsakul P, Thanarangsarit P, Limpeanchob N, Norman Scholfield C. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151(1):528-35. PMID: 24252493. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.008.
  4. Tiemtad P, Ingkaninan K, Temkitthawon P, Thimkorn P, Rattanachaisit N, Teaktong T, et al. Comparative effects of Bacopa monnieri and Ginkgo biloba on cognitive functions: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Phytomedicine. 2026;153:157915. PMID: 41678913. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2026.157915.
  5. Brimson JM, Brimson S, Prasanth MI, Thitilertdecha P, Malar DS, Tencomnao T. The effectiveness of Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Wettst. as a nootropic, neuroprotective, or antidepressant supplement: analysis of the available clinical data. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):596. PMID: 33436817. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80045-2.
  6. Baune BT, Patel MM, Patel MV, Gupta SN. Ayurvedic Dravya-Based Herbal Products for Cognition, Stress, Sleep, and Psychiatric Symptoms: A Node-Resolved Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Integr Complement Med. 2026;:27683605261461431. PMID: 42359794. doi: 10.1177/27683605261461431.
  7. Basheer A, Agarwal A, Mishra B, Gupta A, Padma Srivastava MV, Kirubakaran R, et al. Use of Bacopa monnieri in the Treatment of Dementia Due to Alzheimer Disease: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Interact J Med Res. 2022;11(2):e38542. PMID: 35612544. doi: 10.2196/38542.
  8. Dutta T, Anand U, Mitra SS, Ghorai M, Jha NK, Shaikh NK, et al. Phytotherapy for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:827411. PMID: 35592415. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.827411.
  9. Kean JD, Downey LA, Stough C. A systematic review of the Ayurvedic medicinal herb Bacopa monnieri in child and adolescent populations. Complement Ther Med. 2016;29:56-62. PMID: 27912958. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2016.09.002.
  10. Calabrese C, Gregory WL, Leo M, Kraemer D, Bone K, Oken B. Effects of a standardized Bacopa monnieri extract on cognitive performance, anxiety, and depression in the elderly: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2008;14(6):707-13. PMID: 18611150. doi: 10.1089/acm.2008.0018.
  11. Lopresti AL, Smith SJ. The Effects of a Bacopa monnieri Extract (Bacumen(®)) on Cognition, Stress, and Fatigue in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Clin Drug Investig. 2025;45(12):967-982. PMID: 41091332. doi: 10.1007/s40261-025-01492-1.
  12. Delfan M, Kordestani-Moghaddam P, Gholami M, Kazemi K, Mohammadi R. Evaluating the effects of Bacopa monnieri on cognitive performance and sleep quality of patients with mild cognitive impairment: A triple-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Explore (NY). 2024;20(5):102990. PMID: 38538390. doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2024.02.008.
  13. Kean JD, Downey LA, Sarris J, Kaufman J, Zangara A, Stough C. Effects of Bacopa monnieri (CDRI 08®) in a population of males exhibiting inattention and hyperactivity aged 6 to 14 years: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Phytother Res. 2022;36(2):996-1012. PMID: 35041248. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7372.
  14. Kumar N, Abichandani LG, Thawani V, Gharpure KJ, Naidu MU, Venkat Ramana G. Efficacy of Standardized Extract of Bacopa monnieri (Bacognize®) on Cognitive Functions of Medical Students: A Six-Week, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:4103423. PMID: 27803728. doi: 10.1155/2016/4103423.
  15. Mitra-Ganguli T, Kalita S, Bhushan S, Stough C, Kean J, Wang N, et al. A Randomized, Double-Blind Study Assessing Changes in Cognitive Function in Indian School Children Receiving a Combination of Bacopa monnieri and Micronutrient Supplementation vs. Placebo. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:678. PMID: 29204115. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00678.
  16. Saini N, Mathur R, Agrawal SS. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of four marketed formulations of brahmi. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2012;74(1):24-8. PMID: 23204618. doi: 10.4103/0250-474X.102539.
  17. Shah AP, Travadi T, Sharma S, Pandit R, Joshi C, Joshi M. Comprehensive analysis using DNA metabarcoding, SCAR marker based PCR assay, and HPLC unveils the adulteration in Brahmi herbal products. Mol Biol Rep. 2023;50(9):7605-7618. PMID: 37532919. doi: 10.1007/s11033-023-08653-5.
  18. Biltes R, Villa C, Costa J, Mafra I. Exploiting Marker Genes for Reliable Botanical Authentication of Bacopa monnieri Products. Foods. 2025;14(18). PMID: 41008247. doi: 10.3390/foods14183275.
  19. Teschke R, Bahre R. Severe hepatotoxicity by Indian Ayurvedic herbal products: a structured causality assessment. Ann Hepatol. 2009;8(3):258-66. PMID: 19841509.
  20. Gościniak A, Stasiłowicz-Krzemień A, Szeląg M, Pawlak J, Skiera I, Kwiatkowska H, et al. Bacopa monnieri: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence of Neuroactive Effects, Safety of Use and the Search for Improved Bioavailability. Nutrients. 2025;17(11). PMID: 40507208. doi: 10.3390/nu17111939.
  21. Joshua Allan J, Damodaran A, Deshmukh NS, Goudar KS, Amit A. Safety evaluation of a standardized phytochemical composition extracted from Bacopa monnieri in Sprague--Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2007;45(10):1928-37. PMID: 17560704. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.04.010.
  22. Singh A, Singh SK. Evaluation of antifertility potential of Brahmi in male mouse. Contraception. 2009;79(1):71-9. PMID: 19041444. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2008.07.023.
  23. Siwek M, Woroń J, Wrzosek A, Gupało J, Chrobak AA. Harder, better, faster, stronger? Retrospective chart review of adverse events of interactions between adaptogens and antidepressant drugs. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1271776. PMID: 37829299. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1271776.
  24. Sekhar VC, Viswanathan G, Baby S. Insights Into the Molecular Aspects of Neuroprotective Bacoside A and Bacopaside I. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2019;17(5):438-446. PMID: 29676230. doi: 10.2174/1570159X16666180419123022.

How this page was written. Every statement links to a source we opened. PubMed IDs were checked against the NCBI database. Human studies are kept apart from laboratory and animal work, and null results are included. Read our method.

Author: Aashish Passi, Managing Director, Prabhat Ayurvedic Pharmacy. Last updated: 17 October 2026. Spotted an error? Email info@prabhatayurvedicpharmacy.in.

This page is educational and summarises published research. It is not medical advice and is not a claim for any product. Talk to a qualified doctor before using any herbal medicine, especially if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, taking medicines or have a medical condition.

More in the herb library: