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Herb library · Updated 16 October 2026 · By Aashish Passi · 25 sources

Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia): what the research says

Giloy, or Guduchi, is the dried mature stem of Tinospora cordifolia, a perennial climber of the Menispermaceae family found throughout tropical India and an official drug in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India[1]. Classical Ayurveda regards it as a Rasayana and lists it for conditions such as Jvara (fever), Kamala, Prameha and Vatarakta; the Ministry of Ayush estimates about 2,400 Ayurvedic formulations contain it[1][2]. Human clinical evidence consists mainly of small Indian trials in allergic rhinitis, HIV, wound healing and COVID-19, generally positive but with high risk of bias[16][17][19][21]. Since 2021, Indian hepatologists have reported liver injury with autoimmune features after Giloy use, a link the Ministry of Ayush disputes, attributing risk to misidentified species such as Tinospora crispa[5][6][3][4].

At a glance

Names and identity

Common nameGiloy (Guduchi)
SanskritGuduchi (Guḍūcī); also Amrita
HindiGiloy / Giloe, Gurcha (गिलोय)
PunjabiGilo (ਗਿਲੋ)
Botanical nameTinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson (listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I Vol. I, as Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers)
FamilyMenispermaceae
Part usedStem (dried, mature pieces; the API notes the fresh stem is also used)
Sanskrit synonymsAmritavalli, Amrita, Madhuparni, Guduchika, Chinnodbhava, Chinnaruha, Amritalata, Kundali, Jvarari, Vatsadani

Ayurveda

Giloy in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia

Rasa (taste)Tikta (bitter), Kashaya (astringent)
Guna (qualities)Laghu (light) per API; the Ayush Technical Dossier lists Laghu, Snigdha
Virya (potency)Ushna (hot)
Vipaka (post-digestive effect)Madhura (sweet)
Action on doshasTridoshashamaka (pacifies all three doshas)
Karma (actions)Balya, Dipana, Rasayana, Sangrahi, Tridoshashamaka, Raktashodhaka, Jvaraghna
Classical formulationsAmritarishta, Amritottara Kvatha Churna, Guduchi Taila, Guduchyadi Churna, Guduchi Sattva, Chinnodbhavadi Kvatha Churna, Samshamani Vati / Guduchi Ghana Vati (AFI Part II), Kaishora Guggulu (AFI Part I)
Dose in the API3-6 g of the drug in powder form; 20-30 g of the drug for decoction (API Part I, Vol. I). API therapeutic uses: Jvara, Kushtha, Pandu, Prameha, Vatarakta, Kamala.

Profile as recorded in the official texts[1, 2].

Chemistry

Key constituents

  • The API monograph lists the constituents of Guduchi stem broadly as terpenoids and alkaloids.[1]
  • Reported constituents include clerodane-type diterpenoid furanolactones (e.g. tinosporide, columbin), the glycosides cordifolioside A and tinosporaside, protoberberine and aporphine alkaloids (berberine, palmatine/palmarin, magnoflorine, tembetarine), lignans, phytosterols (beta-sitosterol) and an arabinogalactan polysaccharide.[2, 25]
  • T. cordifolia stem was described in a clinical study as a rich source of protoberberine alkaloids.[24]
  • Clerodane furanoditerpenoids are relevant to safety: cis-clerodane furanoditerpenoid lactones (with borapetoside C as a species-specific marker) are the proposed hepatotoxic constituents of Tinospora crispa, and authors of the Indian multicentre Giloy study note that T. cordifolia also contains clerodane furano-diterpenoids.[10, 11, 6]

Research

What human studies show

The bottom line

Human evidence for Giloy alone rests on a handful of small, mostly single-centre Indian trials (allergic rhinitis, HIV, diabetic foot ulcers, hyperlipidaemia, COVID-19); results are generally favourable but often open-label, underpowered or with non-significant primary outcomes[16][17][18][19][24]. Pooled COVID-19 analyses rate certainty as low to moderate, with a possible reduction in infection incidence for prophylaxis and no clear effect on hospitalisation[21][22]. Much of the wider pharmacology is preclinical[25].

RCTEvidence: limited

Allergic rhinitis

Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled; n=75; 8 weeks; T. cordifolia extract vs placebo (dose not stated in abstract)

Trial reported significantly greater relief of sneezing, nasal discharge, obstruction and itching with the extract than placebo, with matching changes in nasal smear cytology; extract was well tolerated.[16]

Limitations: Single small centre; extract dose/standardisation not given in abstract; not independently replicated.

RCTEvidence: preliminary

HIV (adjunct, symptoms)

Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled; n=68 HIV-positive adults; 6 months; T. cordifolia extract vs placebo

60% on extract vs 20% on placebo reported fewer disease-related symptoms; eosinophil count and haemoglobin fell significantly. Authors note not all objective parameters supported the symptom benefit.[17]

Limitations: Small; mixed objective results; anorexia, nausea, vomiting and weakness were reported on the extract.

RCTEvidence: preliminary

Diabetic foot ulcer healing (adjunct to surgery)

Prospective double-blind randomised controlled; n=50 (45 completed); T. cordifolia adjuvant vs control alongside standard surgical care

Net improvement 73.9% vs 59.1% (P=0.292, not significant); fewer debridements (P=0.03) and improved neutrophil phagocytosis with T. cordifolia; most wound-size measures were not statistically different.[18]

Limitations: Small; primary healing measures non-significant; single centre.

RCTEvidence: preliminary

COVID-19 treatment (mild/asymptomatic)

Open-label randomised pilot; n=30; Guduchi Ghana Vati 500 mg twice daily for 10 days vs hydroxychloroquine-based control

RT-PCR negativity by day 10 was 93.3% vs 66.6%, a difference that was not statistically significant (P=0.068); no adverse reactions observed.[19]

Limitations: Very small, open-label, active comparator now considered ineffective; conducted by Ministry of Ayush research council.

RCTEvidence: preliminary

COVID-19 treatment (mild)

Randomised open-label three-arm; n=150 (136 completed); 14 days; Adhatoda vasica 500 mg vs T. cordifolia 500 mg vs combination 250 mg each

Mean viral clearance 13.44 days on T. cordifolia alone vs 11.86 days on the combination; hs-CRP fell at mid-treatment in the T. cordifolia arm; no adverse effects reported.[20]

Limitations: No placebo or standard-care-only arm; open label; cannot isolate an effect of T. cordifolia versus natural recovery.

meta-analysisEvidence: limited

COVID-19 treatment (pooled)

Living systematic review/meta-analysis of RCTs and observational studies to Aug 2021 (17 studies; Guduchi pooled as add-on to standard care)

Add-on Guduchi 'may reduce' hospital stay (mean difference 3.93 days lower), but the 95% CI (8.83 lower to 0.97 higher) crosses no effect; appeared safe as an adjunct.[22]

Limitations: Few small studies; certainty moderate to low due to risk of bias and imprecision; authors are from an Ayush institute.

meta-analysisEvidence: limited

COVID-19 prophylaxis (pooled)

Living systematic review/meta-analysis (second update), searches to 1 March 2023; GRADE

Guduchi 'may reduce' incidence of COVID-19 infection (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.48-0.95); no clear effect on symptom development (RR 0.88, 0.73-1.08) or hospital admission (RR 0.96, 0.20-4.53).[21]

Limitations: Certainty low to moderate, mainly serious risk of bias; few studies.

observationalEvidence: limited

COVID-19 and other infections, prevention in healthy adults

Open-label, randomised comparative community study in 5 Rajasthan districts; 10,022 completers; Guduchi Ghana Vati for 45 days vs no intervention

COVID-19 incidence was lower with Guduchi Ghana Vati but not statistically significant; severity (WHO ordinal scale) and non-COVID illness episodes were reported significantly lower; no major adverse reactions.[23]

Limitations: No placebo, open label, self-reported outcomes; authors declared financial relationships.

RCTEvidence: preliminary

Hypertriglyceridaemia

Pilot; n=24 randomised to T. cordifolia extract 3 g/day vs metformin; 14 days

Triglyceride, LDL and VLDL fell and HDL rose significantly within the extract group, with reductions in an oxidative stress marker.[24]

Limitations: Very small, very short, active comparator, within-group analyses; pilot only.

Laboratory and animal studies

These studies explain possible mechanisms. They do not show the same effect in people.

animalEvidence: preliminary

Immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic and other activities

Body of preclinical (animal and in vitro) studies summarised in narrative reviews

Preclinical studies report antioxidant, antidiabetic, hypolipidaemic, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory and other activities.[25, 2]

Limitations: Preclinical findings do not establish effects in people.

Safety

Safety, interactions and regulation

  • Liver injury case series (Mumbai, 2021): six patients (median age 55; 4 women) developed acute hepatitis after a median 90 days of Tinospora cordifolia use, with an autoimmune pattern of drug-induced liver injury on biopsy. Four women had underlying silent chronic liver disease of possible autoimmune origin with hypothyroidism and type 2 diabetes. Five resolved after stopping the herb and/or with steroids (median 86.5 days); one decompensated on steroid tapering. The authors urged caution, especially in people predisposed to autoimmune disorders.[5]
  • Multicentre Indian study (13 centres, 2022): 43 patients with liver injury temporally associated with Giloy; median time to symptoms 46 days; mean intake 40.8 mL/day. Presentations were acute hepatitis, acute worsening of chronic liver disease (most common) or acute liver failure; causality was 'probable' in 67.4%. Four patients (9.3%) died and two (4.7%) underwent liver transplantation; 86% recovered or stabilised. Biopsies showed herb-induced liver injury with autoimmune features; ANA was the commonest autoantibody. The authors concluded Giloy can unmask autoimmune hepatitis in people with silent autoimmune liver disease.[6]
  • Species-identity follow-up (2023): the Mumbai group analysed four plant samples their patients had consumed using morphology, microscopy, HPTLC and DNA barcoding and identified all four as T. cordifolia; two commercial products could not be analysed because of other ingredients.[7]
  • Ministry of Ayush response: on 7 July 2021 the Ministry called linking Giloy to liver damage 'completely misleading', saying the case-series authors had not analysed the herb consumed, had not ruled out the similar-looking T. crispa, and lacked dose and co-medication details. On 5 October 2021 it issued an advisory that T. cordifolia is safe but similar-looking species such as T. crispa may be harmful, advised use under a registered Ayush physician, and pointed to its pharmacovigilance network for reporting suspected reactions. A 2022 Ayush Technical Dossier reiterated this position.[3, 4, 2]
  • Counter-view in the literature: a 2023 review argued that it is unlikely authentic T. cordifolia caused the Mumbai cases and that a wrong species may have been consumed, while noting the products' botanical authenticity had not been tested. Hepatologists have also published a narrative review classing T. cordifolia among Ayush herbs with inherent hepatotoxic potential.[8, 13]
  • Outside India: a 2023 US case report described a 50-year-old woman with Hashimoto thyroiditis who developed probable herb-induced liver injury (RUCAM 6) after starting a supplement containing T. cordifolia, improving after discontinuation. NIH LiverTox includes a Tinospora entry noting recent reports of clinically apparent liver injury with long-term use.[12, 15]
  • Pharmacovigilance: in WHO VigiBase reports from the UN Asia region (2016-2021), T. cordifolia accounted for 1.5% of serious suspected adverse reactions attributed to traditional medicines, among the most frequently suspected herbs.[14]
  • Autoimmune and thyroid caution: the reported liver cases frequently involved people with autoimmune features or conditions (hypothyroidism, Hashimoto thyroiditis, positive ANA, autoimmune-like histology), and authors recommend caution in people predisposed to autoimmune disease and taking a detailed herbal history in anyone with acute hepatitis.[5, 6, 12]
  • Contaminants: in the multicentre study, two of six retrieved Giloy products exceeded prescribed limits for mercury, arsenic and lead, and some contained industrial solvents.[6]
  • Trial-reported adverse effects: anorexia, nausea, vomiting and weakness were reported on T. cordifolia extract in a 6-month HIV trial; other short trials reported no adverse reactions.[17, 19, 20]
  • Tinospora crispa (a different species sometimes confused with Giloy) has caused toxic hepatitis in case reports from France, the French West Indies and Taiwan, including acute fulminant hepatitis.[9, 10, 11]

Quality

Identity, standards and adulteration

  • API identity/purity limits for dried Guduchi stem: foreign matter NMT 2%, total ash NMT 16%, acid-insoluble ash NMT 3%, alcohol-soluble extractive NLT 3%, water-soluble extractive NLT 11%; fresh stem: foreign matter nil, moisture about 75%. Macroscopy: pieces 0.6-5 cm thick, warty lenticels on older stems, radial structure, bitter taste.[1]
  • Assay markers cited by the Ministry of Ayush: not less than 0.02% w/w cordifolioside A, with tinosporaside 0.03-0.04%; a TLC fingerprint (chloroform:methanol 9:1) is also given.[2]
  • Substitution risk: T. sinensis and T. crispa are also traded as Guduchi/Giloy in the Indian subcontinent; over 35% of websites in a 2019 image survey failed to distinguish T. crispa from T. cordifolia.[8, 11]
  • Distinguishing features per the Ministry of Ayush: T. cordifolia stem is green, without small rounded projections or milky latex, leaves heart-shaped with a notch at the base, six petals, red spherical drupes, epicuticular wax on both leaf surfaces and tyloses in stem vessels; T. crispa stem is greenish-grey with rounded projections and milky secretion, three petals and orange ellipsoid drupes, with no epicuticular wax or tyloses.[4, 2]
  • Analytical confirmation: borapetoside C is a species-specific marker for T. crispa by LC-MS; DNA barcoding plus HPTLC and microscopy has been used to confirm T. cordifolia identity in case investigations. The Ministry of Ayush has urged ASU manufacturers to comply with pharmacopoeial standards for Guduchi.[10, 7, 2]

Manufacturing

How Giloy is made into medicines

In India, Guduchi stem is made into churna (powder), kwath (decoction, from coarse powder), swarasa (juice), Guduchi Ghana Vati / Samshamani Vati (tablets of concentrated aqueous extract), Guduchi Sattva, arishta (Amritarishta), ghrita and taila preparations, and tablets/capsules of extracts; the Ministry of Ayush counts about 2,400 classical formulations in more than 24 dosage forms[1][2]. The API allows dried mature stem collected preferably in May and also notes use of fresh stem[1]. Because the Ayush advisories hinge on species identity, raw-material identity testing against API standards (and exclusion of T. crispa and T. sinensis) is a central manufacturing control[2][4][8].

Prabhat makes churnas, tablets, capsules, kwaths, syrups and oils under AYUSH GMP for brands across India. See churna, tablet and capsule manufacturing, or white label products.

FAQ

Common questions about Giloy

What is giloy used for?

In Ayurveda, Guduchi stem is listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India for Jvara (fever), Kushtha, Pandu, Prameha, Vatarakta and Kamala, and is described as a Rasayana[1]. In modern research it has been studied mainly for immune-related outcomes such as allergic rhinitis and as an add-on in COVID-19, in small trials[16][21].

Can giloy damage the liver?

Indian hepatologists reported liver injury with autoimmune features after Giloy use, including a 43-patient multicentre study in which four patients died and two needed transplants[6]. The causal link is debated: the Ministry of Ayush maintains authentic T. cordifolia is safe and blames misidentified species, while the original Mumbai group later confirmed by DNA barcoding that their patients' plant samples were T. cordifolia[4][7].

What did the Ministry of AYUSH say about giloy and liver damage?

In July 2021 the Ministry called the link 'completely misleading', criticising the case series for not identifying the plant consumed[3]. In October 2021 it advised that Guduchi is safe but look-alike species such as Tinospora crispa may be harmful, and recommended use under a registered Ayush physician[4].

How do you tell real giloy from Tinospora crispa?

According to the Ministry of Ayush, T. cordifolia has a green stem without small rounded projections or milky secretion, six petals and red round fruits, while T. crispa has a greenish-grey warty stem with milky secretion, three petals and orange oval fruits[4]. Laboratory methods include microscopy, HPTLC, DNA barcoding and LC-MS detection of the T. crispa marker borapetoside C[7][10].

Is giloy safe for people with autoimmune disease or thyroid problems?

There are no trials in this group, but several reported liver cases occurred in people with autoimmune features or hypothyroidism/Hashimoto thyroiditis[5][12]. The case-series authors recommend caution in people predisposed to autoimmune disorders, and the Ministry of Ayush advises use under a registered Ayush physician[5][4].

Does giloy help with COVID-19 or immunity?

Small Indian trials and living meta-analyses suggest Guduchi may reduce COVID-19 infection incidence when used as prophylaxis (low-to-moderate certainty), without a clear effect on hospitalisation[21]. Treatment trials were small and open-label, and pooled results on hospital stay were not statistically conclusive[19][22].

References

Sources

  1. Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of AYUSH. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Volume I. Monograph 27: Guduci (Stem), Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. pp. 53-55 (e-book pagination; p. 41 in printed book). Source.
  2. Ministry of Ayush, Government of India (Committee chaired by Bhatt MLB). Technical Dossier on Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia). File No. L-11011/9/2021-DCC-Part(1). 2022. Source.
  3. Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Ayush. Relating Giloy to Liver Damage is completely Misleading, Says Ministry of Ayush. Release ID 1733260. 7 July 2021. Source.
  4. Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Ayush. Giloy is safe to use: Ministry of Ayush (advisory distinguishing Tinospora cordifolia from Tinospora crispa). Release ID 1761086. 5 October 2021. Source.
  5. Nagral A, Adhyaru K, Rudra OS, Gharat A, Bhandare S. Herbal Immune Booster-Induced Liver Injury in the COVID-19 Pandemic - A Case Series. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2021;11(6):732-738. PMID: 34230786. doi: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.06.021.
  6. Kulkarni AV, Hanchanale P, Prakash V, Kalal C, Sharma M, Kumar K, Bishnu S, Kulkarni AV, Anand L, Patwa AK, Kumbar S, Kainth S, Philips CA, Liver Research Club India. Tinospora Cordifolia (Giloy)-Induced Liver Injury During the COVID-19 Pandemic-Multicenter Nationwide Study From India. Hepatol Commun. 2022;6(6):1289-1300. PMID: 35037744. doi: 10.1002/hep4.1904.
  7. Nagral A, Rudra OS, Menezes S, Menon S, Shailajan S, Mallakmir S, Reddy R. Herb-induced Liver Injury-A Guide to Approach. Lessons from the Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) Case Series Story. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2023;13(2):360-371. PMID: 36950495. doi: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.11.001.
  8. Panneer Selvam K, Payyappallimana U, Ravikumar K, Venkatasubramanian P. Can Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), a well-known ayurvedic hepato-protectant cause liver damage? J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2023;14(1):100658. PMID: 36400639. doi: 10.1016/j.jaim.2022.100658.
  9. Langrand J, Regnault H, Cachet X, Bouzidi C, Villa AF, Serfaty L, Garnier R, Michel S. Toxic hepatitis induced by a herbal medicine: Tinospora crispa. Phytomedicine. 2014;21(8-9):1120-3. PMID: 24867504. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.04.031.
  10. Cachet X, Langrand J, Riffault-Valois L, Bouzidi C, Colas C, Dugay A, Michel S, Boucaud-Maitre D. Clerodane furanoditerpenoids as the probable cause of toxic hepatitis induced by Tinospora crispa. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):13520. PMID: 30202067. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31815-6.
  11. Huang WT, Tu CY, Wang FY, Huang ST. Literature review of liver injury induced by Tinospora crispa associated with two cases of acute fulminant hepatitis. Complement Ther Med. 2019;42:286-291. PMID: 30670256. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.11.028.
  12. Nnamani I, Tolu-Akinnawo O, Dufera RR, Akintunde A, Maliakkal B. Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy)-Induced Liver Injury: A Case Review. Cureus. 2023;15(5):e39793. PMID: 37273324. doi: 10.7759/cureus.39793.
  13. Philips CA, Theruvath AH. A comprehensive review on the hepatotoxicity of herbs used in the Indian (Ayush) systems of alternative medicine. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024;103(16):e37903. PMID: 38640296. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000037903.
  14. N C, Barvaliya M, Patel T, Ac C, Hegde H, Unger B. Analysis of suspected serious adverse drug reactions reported with traditional medicines from the United Nations Asia region in WHO vigibase. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2025;25(1):424. PMID: 41219814. doi: 10.1186/s12906-025-05060-0.
  15. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Tinospora. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012- (record first published in Europe PMC 2025). Bookshelf ID NBK608429. PMID: 39441945.
  16. Badar VA, Thawani VR, Wakode PT, Shrivastava MP, Gharpure KJ, Hingorani LL, Khiyani RM. Efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia in allergic rhinitis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;96(3):445-9. PMID: 15619563. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.034.
  17. Kalikar MV, Thawani VR, Varadpande UK, Sontakke SD, Singh RP, Khiyani RK. Immunomodulatory effect of Tinospora cordifolia extract in human immuno-deficiency virus positive patients. Indian J Pharmacol. 2008;40(3):107-10. PMID: 20040936. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.42302.
  18. Purandare H, Supe A. Immunomodulatory role of Tinospora cordifolia as an adjuvant in surgical treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective randomized controlled study. Indian J Med Sci. 2007;61(6):347-55. PMID: 17558098.
  19. Shukla U, Ujjaliya N, Gupta P, Khare V, Yadav B, Rai AK, Amin H, Rana R, Tripathi A, Khanduri S, Sharma BS, Chandrasekhararao B, Srikanth N, Dhiman KS. Efficacy and safety of Guduchighana Vati in asymptomatic and mild-to-moderate cases of coronavirus disease-19: A randomized controlled pilot study. Ayu. 2020;41(3):188-196. PMID: 35370379. doi: 10.4103/ayu.ayu_11_21.
  20. Verma M, Rawat N, Rani R, Singh M, Choudhary A, Abbasi S, Kumar M, Kumar S, Tanwar A, Misir BR, Khanna S, Agrawal A, Faruq M, Rai S, Tripathi R, Kumar A, Pujani M, Bhojani M, Pandey AK, Nesari T, Prasher B. Adhatoda vasica and Tinospora cordifolia extracts ameliorate clinical and molecular markers in mild COVID-19 patients: a randomized open-label three-armed study. Eur J Med Res. 2023;28(1):556. PMID: 38049897. doi: 10.1186/s40001-023-01507-7.
  21. Thakar A, Panara K, Goyal M, Kumari R, Sungchol K. Ayush [Indian System of Medicines] Prophylaxis Against COVID-19: A Living Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Second Update). J Integr Complement Med. 2024;30(7):602-619. PMID: 38422192. doi: 10.1089/jicm.2023.0357.
  22. Thakar A, Panara K, Goyal M, Kumari R, Sungchol K. AYUSH (Indian System of Medicines) Therapeutics for COVID-19: A Living Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (First Update). J Integr Complement Med. 2023;29(3):139-155. PMID: 36322891. doi: 10.1089/jicm.2022.0559.
  23. Sharma S, Godatwar P, Pareek M, Meena H, Sharma A, Tamoli S. Safety and Efficacy of the Ayurvedic Formulation Guduchi Ghana Vati as a Preventive Remedy in COVID-19. Cureus. 2024;16(4):e58807. PMID: 38784353. doi: 10.7759/cureus.58807.
  24. Shirolkar A, Yadav A, Mandal TK, Dabur R. Intervention of Ayurvedic drug Tinospora cordifolia attenuates the metabolic alterations in hypertriglyceridemia: a pilot clinical trial. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2020;19(2):1367-1379. PMID: 33520840. doi: 10.1007/s40200-020-00657-3.
  25. Sharma P, Dwivedee BP, Bisht D, Dash AK, Kumar D. The chemical constituents and diverse pharmacological importance of Tinospora cordifolia. Heliyon. 2019;5(9):e02437. PMID: 31701036. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02437.

How this page was written. Every statement links to a source we opened. PubMed IDs were checked against the NCBI database. Human studies are kept apart from laboratory and animal work, and null results are included. Read our method.

Author: Aashish Passi, Managing Director, Prabhat Ayurvedic Pharmacy. Last updated: 16 October 2026. Spotted an error? Email info@prabhatayurvedicpharmacy.in.

This page is educational and summarises published research. It is not medical advice and is not a claim for any product. Talk to a qualified doctor before using any herbal medicine, especially if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, taking medicines or have a medical condition.

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